By: April Carson
Scientists have combined a powerful simulator with data about the universe to explain a large discrepancy in our understanding of dark matter. The simulation suite, called PRIYA, debuted last year and is helping scientists study a special phenomenon of hydrogen atoms in deep outer space. Now, in a new study, PRIYA has enabled scientists from the University of California Riverside to map likely locations of dark matter based on the light signature of hydrogen “forests” that form around sources of gravity. Their research appears now in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.
PRIYA: A Technological Marvel
High-tech simulation software has revolutionized how astrophysicists and astronomers examine far-away phenomena, allowing us to confirm or fine-tune our theories about the universe. A simulation like PRIYA is essentially a gigantic, interactive graph of individual particles and the forces acting on them. Processing such vast amounts of data requires a supercomputer that can perform calculations quickly and efficiently, reducing what would take years or even decades on less powerful computers to a much shorter time.
Unveiling the Shadows
In a UC-Riverside statement, senior author Simeon Bird described the effects seen in this study as “shadow puppetry, where we guess the character placed between the light and the screen based on its silhouette.” Often, scientists eliminate the shadows we do understand to theorize that something we can’t yet observe, like dark matter, is filling the rest.
Hydrogen's Unique Role
In the search for dark matter, hydrogen is special because it’s very plentiful, the lightest element, and as old as the universe itself—a product of the Big Bang. When the single electron in a hydrogen atom moves from one energy level to another, meaning it’s excited and then grounded, it releases a tiny energy signature in the form of photons.
Detecting Hydrogen Forests
The universe is filled with the plentiful photons of hydrogen atoms, and these can be detected by our increasingly sophisticated instruments. It’s the same spectroscopy that chemists use to analyze samples for purity or components. Scientists in the late 1800s discovered they could see these hydrogen signatures by studying the patterns of lines produced in a spectroscope. Five men identified five types: Balmer, Lyman, Pfund, Brackett, and Paschen.
All but Lyman are in the infrared range of light, while Lyman is in the ultraviolet. For the Lyman series, the spectral lines are named according to how much energy is being released to create them. The shortest distance between energy levels, from the second level back to the first, is called Lyman-alpha. In far outer space, this signature can cluster in shapes called “forests” by researchers. It’s this series highlighted in UC-Riverside’s new PRIYA simulation, which builds on a previous simulation named ASTRID by the same researcher, Simeon Bird.
Implications for Dark Matter Research
The mapping of hydrogen forests through the PRIYA simulation is a significant step forward in understanding dark matter. By analyzing the light signatures of these forests, scientists can infer the presence and distribution of dark matter, which interacts gravitationally with visible matter but does not emit, absorb, or reflect light.
This research represents a promising advance in astrophysics, leveraging cutting-edge technology to peel back the layers of the universe and bring us closer to uncovering one of its most profound mysteries.
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